陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)一(yi)種集傳統絕熱材料、耐(nai)火材料優良(liang)性能于(yu)一(yi)體的(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)狀輕(qing)質(zhi)耐(nai)火材料,是(shi)繼(ji)碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、玻璃纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和玄武巖纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之后應用(yong)(yong)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)廣泛的(de)無機耐(nai)高溫(wen)煙氣過(guo)濾材料。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)按(an)(an)(an)微(wei)觀(guan)結(jie)構(gou)形(xing)態可(ke)以分為(wei)(wei)(wei)玻璃態纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和結(jie)晶質(zhi)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei);按(an)(an)(an)其化(hua)(hua)(hua)學組成(cheng)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)非(fei)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物和氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)大(da)類(lei);按(an)(an)(an)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)溫(wen)度可(ke)以分為(wei)(wei)(wei)低(di)檔(dang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(使(shi)用(yong)(yong)溫(wen)度為(wei)(wei)(wei)800℃~1100℃)、中(zhong)檔(dang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(使(shi)用(yong)(yong)溫(wen)度為(wei)(wei)(wei)1200℃~1300℃)、高檔(dang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(使(shi)用(yong)(yong)溫(wen)度1300℃~1500℃);按(an)(an)(an)照材料的(de)形(xing)態可(ke)以分為(wei)(wei)(wei)散狀陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、定形(xing)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、不定形(xing)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、混配(紡)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)控]。不論(lun)以哪種方式對陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分類(lei),陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)本質(zhi)還(huan)是(shi)不變的(de),化(hua)(hua)(hua)學組成(cheng)是(shi)相同的(de),即陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)主要(yao)成(cheng)分是(shi)碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)硅、氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁或多鋁硅酸鹽。
陶瓷纖(xian)維(wei)的(de)使用溫度范圍是(shi)800℃~1500℃。在高(gao)溫煙(yan)氣過濾行(xing)業(ye),參照熱能動力工(gong)程的(de)劃(hua)分標準,可將待(dai)過濾的(de)煙(yan)氣劃(hua)分為常溫煙(yan)氣(<120℃)、常高(gao)溫煙(yan)氣(<250℃)、亞高(gao)溫煙(yan)氣(250℃~450℃)、超(chao)高(gao)溫煙(yan)氣(<800℃),一般(ban)工(gong)廠及行(xing)業(ye)煙(yan)氣溫度范圍在250℃~280℃。
陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)是一種纖(xian)維(wei)狀(zhuang)輕(qing)質耐火材(cai)料(liao)(liao),具有質輕(qing)、熱(re)(re)穩定性好、耐高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)、比(bi)熱(re)(re)容(rong)小、耐機(ji)械振動等優良(liang)特(te)性,并且(qie)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)可以通(tong)過雙面針刺的工藝制作(zuo)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)針刺氈,其在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)和低溫(wen)環境中(zhong)被廣泛使(shi)用。因此(ci),陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)可以在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)煙氣過濾中(zhong)作(zuo)為(wei)濾料(liao)(liao)使(shi)用。
陶瓷纖維的特性
1 陶瓷纖維的(de)物理性質
陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維的(de)主要(yao)化學組成成分為氧(yang)(yang)化鋁,因(yin)此陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維在一定(ding)程度上表現出氧(yang)(yang)化鋁的(de)特(te)性,即(ji)難溶于(yu)水的(de)白色固(gu)體,無臭、無味,易吸潮而不(bu)潮解(jie)(灼(zhuo)燒過的(de)不(bu)吸濕(shi))。因(yin)其又(you)含有(you)部分碳化硅(gui),這樣(yang)既增強(qiang)(qiang)了陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維的(de)硬度,也(ye)增強(qiang)(qiang)了該纖(xian)維的(de)熔沸點,所以在較高(gao)的(de)溫度下也(ye)不(bu)發生形變(bian)。與傳統輕質耐火材料相(xiang)比(bi),陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維具有(you)氣孑(jie)L率高(gao)、氣孔(kong)孔(kong)徑和比(bi)表面(mian)積大等優點,一般陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維氣孑(jie)L率大于(yu)90%。
2 陶瓷纖維的(de)化學性(xing)質
陶瓷纖維(wei)含堿量極低,幾乎不和冷、熱水作用,除氰氟酸(suan)(suan)、磷酸(suan)(suan)和強酸(suan)(suan)外,其他酸(suan)(suan)堿對(dui)它的侵(qin)蝕作用很小(xiao),在氧化氣氛下非常(chang)穩定。在使(shi)用過程中無毒、無害,不會有二次污染(ran),對(dui)環境無不良影(ying)響(xiang)。
3 陶瓷纖維的其(qi)它性質
陶瓷纖維(wei)除了作為高(gao)(gao)溫煙氣過濾材(cai)(cai)料(liao)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)過濾方面,因其獨特的多孔狀纖維(wei)結(jie)構(gou)(gou),還可(ke)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)很多領(ling)域。陶瓷纖維(wei)的其它性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)常(chang)表現為:多孑L狀結(jie)構(gou)(gou),導熱系數很低。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)作為保(bao)溫隔(ge)熱材(cai)(cai)料(liao),如石油化(hua)(hua)工(gong)設備、容器、管(guan)道(dao)和航空航天等(deng)的隔(ge)熱保(bao)溫材(cai)(cai)料(liao);不燃或(huo)者有(you)自熄(xi)性(xing)(xing)。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)作防火材(cai)(cai)料(liao),如高(gao)(gao)檔(dang)寫字樓中的檔(dang)案庫、金庫、保(bao)險(xian)柜等(deng)重(zhong)要場所(suo)的絕熱、防火隔(ge)層,消防自動防火簾等(deng);絕緣(yuan)性(xing)(xing)。陶瓷纖維(wei)的化(hua)(hua)學(xue)組成(cheng)物質(zhi)為共(gong)價鍵化(hua)(hua)合物,無導電性(xing)(xing),常(chang)用(yong)(yong)來做絕緣(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao),如電線(xian)桿上固定(ding)電線(xian)的瓷瓶等(deng)。陶瓷纖維(wei)除了以上特性(xing)(xing)外還有(you)隔(ge)音、防輻(fu)射等(deng)特性(xing)(xing)。
陶(tao)瓷(ci)纖維的國(guo)內研究進展
我(wo)國(guo)陶(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)已處于(yu)(yu)持續調整(zheng)發展的(de)階段,陶(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)生產(chan)工藝(yi)與(yu)設(she)備(bei),尤其(qi)是干(gan)法針刺毯的(de)生產(chan)工藝(yi)與(yu)設(she)備(bei)具(ju)有(you)世界(jie)先(xian)進水平。金江等(deng)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)將陶(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)層(ceng)和(he)(he)硅酸鈣互相(xiang)黏(nian)附在(zai)一起,構(gou)成(cheng)一種(zhong)耐(nai)(nai)高溫(wen)陶(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)氣(qi)體過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)材(cai)料,其(qi)可耐(nai)(nai)200℃~1200℃的(de)高溫(wen),過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)阻力低,分離效(xiao)(xiao)率高且(qie)容易(yi)再生,可以廣(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)高溫(wen)煙(yan)氣(qi)、干(gan)法除(chu)塵(chen)等(deng)除(chu)塵(chen)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)領(ling)域(yu)。李(li)超發明了(le)一種(zhong)具(ju)有(you)倒錐形非織造布(bu)本(ben)體、圓形圈、**半圓形加強筋和(he)(he)第二半圓形加強筋的(de)陶(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)原(yuan)料非織造布(bu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)結(jie)構(gou),結(jie)構(gou)簡(jian)單、過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)效(xiao)(xiao)率高、耐(nai)(nai)高溫(wen)、耐(nai)(nai)高壓、耐(nai)(nai)腐蝕(shi)且(qie)可反復沖洗(xi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong),擁(yong)有(you)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命長(chang)、生產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)低、適用(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)廣(guang)、易(yi)推(tui)廣(guang)等(deng)優點(dian)。孫揚(yang)善等(deng)[1¨研究了(le)由(you)莫來石纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)硅酸鋁(lv)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)的(de)陶(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)渡層(ceng)對高溫(wen)氣(qi)體過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)用(yong)(yong)碳(tan)化硅非對稱(cheng)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜的(de)成(cheng)膜和(he)(he)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)壓降的(de)影響(xiang),發現當支撐體和(he)(he)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)陶(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)渡層(ceng)厚度為(wei)60um左右時,過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜的(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)壓降最小,同時還大大提高了(le)成(cheng)膜過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜的(de)均勻(yun)性和(he)(he)完整(zheng)性;王娟設(she)計(ji)了(le)一種(zhong)由(you)圓形本(ben)體、緊固圈、圓形連接板、固定(ding)孔和(he)(he)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)孔組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)的(de)陶(tao)瓷(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)原(yuan)料滾筒式(shi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)結(jie)構(gou),該(gai)結(jie)構(gou)具(ju)有(you)結(jie)構(gou)簡(jian)單、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)裝配(pei)便(bian)捷、過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)效(xiao)(xiao)率高、耐(nai)(nai)高溫(wen)高壓且(qie)可反復沖洗(xi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)等(deng)優點(dian),同時該(gai)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)結(jie)構(gou)生產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)低、易(yi)推(tui)廣(guang)。
與(yu)其(qi)它傳(chuan)統高溫煙氣(qi)(qi)濾料(liao)相比較,陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)濾料(liao)具有(you)高效(xiao)低阻、使用壽命長、清(qing)灰容易和后期維(wei)護簡單等優勢(shi),近二十年高溫氣(qi)(qi)體除塵(chen)過濾材料(liao)的研究取得(de)(de)了(le)重(zhong)大進展,一批先進過濾材料(liao)得(de)(de)以開發(fa)(fa)(fa),尤其(qi)是陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)復合增強材料(liao)的開發(fa)(fa)(fa)使得(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)過濾材料(liao)的韌性(xing)得(de)(de)到很大提(ti)高。開發(fa)(fa)(fa)和研制更(geng)加高效(xiao)的高溫煙氣(qi)(qi)陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)纖(xian)維(wei)過濾裝(zhuang)置(zhi),對環境(jing)保護和社會發(fa)(fa)(fa)展具有(you)重(zhong)要意義(yi)。
陶瓷(ci)纖(xian)維與其他高溫過濾(lv)材(cai)料的比較
用(yong)于(yu)高溫過(guo)濾煙氣過(guo)濾材料的無(wu)機纖(xian)維(wei)除了(le)玄武巖纖(xian)維(wei)以外,還(huan)有(you)(you)多(duo)種(zhong)高性能纖(xian)維(wei),例(li)(li)如碳(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)、玻璃纖(xian)維(wei)和石(shi)棉纖(xian)維(wei)等(deng)。它們具有(you)(you)無(wu)機纖(xian)維(wei)的部分或全部的特性,如耐高溫性、阻燃性、強度(du)(du)(du)大(da)、模量高、化學性質穩(wen)定(ding)、吸(xi)聲(sheng)隔音、透電(dian)波、抗(kang)震和介(jie)點絕緣等(deng)。這些(xie)纖(xian)維(wei)雖然具有(you)(you)多(duo)種(zhong)優異的性能,但也具有(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)的缺陷。例(li)(li)如,碳(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)表面(mian)化學性呈惰(duo)性、表面(mian)能低(di)、表面(mian)光滑(hua),在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)過(guo)程中易(yi)引發靜電(dian)等(deng);玄武巖纖(xian)維(wei)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)較(jiao)大(da),在(zai)梳理成網時易(yi)出現脫落現象,且表面(mian)光滑(hua)、脆性大(da)等(deng);玻璃纖(xian)維(wei)硬度(du)(du)(du)過(guo)高、卷曲(qu)度(du)(du)(du)小、耐磨性能差(cha);石(shi)棉纖(xian)維(wei)在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)過(guo)程中會(hui)產生致(zhi)癌物質,環保性很差(cha)等(deng)。
陶瓷纖(xian)維(wei)作為(wei)理想的(de)(de)高溫(wen)煙(yan)氣(qi)(qi)過(guo)濾(lv)材料(liao),其主要優點(dian)主要表現為(wei):過(guo)濾(lv)方面:具(ju)(ju)有(you)較高的(de)(de)除塵效率,可達99%以上;具(ju)(ju)有(you)較高的(de)(de)強度和耐熱性;具(ju)(ju)有(you)良好的(de)(de)耐高溫(wen)氣(qi)(qi)體腐蝕和化學腐蝕。制作工藝方面:具(ju)(ju)有(you)加工容易(yi)、施工方便等特(te)點(dian),并且原料(liao)來源較為(wei)廣(guang)泛。環保方面:在(zai)使用過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)不會產生二次污染,不會產生有(you)毒(du)有(you)害氣(qi)(qi)體,對(dui)環境(jing)無任何影響。經濟方面:具(ju)(ju)有(you)良好的(de)(de)再生性能,使用壽命長,原料(liao)廉價易(yi)得,成品加工流程(cheng)短等。陶瓷纖(xian)維(wei)作為(wei)高溫(wen)濾(lv)料(liao),在(zai)使用過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)清灰也比較容易(yi),因此具(ju)(ju)有(you)良好的(de)(de)經濟特(te)性。
陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)纖維雖然有很多優良的(de)(de)(de)特性,但其最主要的(de)(de)(de)缺點是(shi)不耐磨、不耐碰(peng)撞,不能抵抗高(gao)速氣流的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)刷,不能抵抗熔(rong)渣的(de)(de)(de)侵蝕。因此在使用過程中(zhong)(zhong)常通(tong)過徑復合、預應力法和相轉變法來提(ti)高(gao)陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)的(de)(de)(de)韌(ren)性,實際生產中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)般是(shi)通(tong)過降低陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)纖維脆(cui)性的(de)(de)(de)方法實現(xian)。
結束語
隨著科學的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,時代的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)步,人(ren)們生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)水平的(de)(de)(de)日益提高(gao),對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)也越來越高(gao)。環(huan)境(jing)是人(ren)類和(he)(he)一切生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)賴以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)存的(de)(de)(de)基礎,空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)壞(huai)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)壞(huai),進(jin)(jin)而影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中有(you)毒、有(you)害物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)顆(ke)粒(li)粉塵(chen)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)減少有(you)助于空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)提高(gao),因此在(zai)高(gao)溫煙氣(qi)(qi)過(guo)濾(lv)過(guo)程(cheng)中,過(guo)濾(lv)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)濾(lv)效率和(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)著空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。陶瓷纖維雖然(ran)有(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)濾(lv)效率、耐(nai)(nai)高(gao)溫、耐(nai)(nai)化學腐蝕,但其在(zai)使用過(guo)程(cheng)中也常出(chu)現(xian)各種(zhong)問題(ti),因此對(dui)現(xian)有(you)陶瓷纖維的(de)(de)(de)升(sheng)級改進(jin)(jin)是今后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)努力方向之(zhi)一。